Myrrh holds a significant place in the Bible, as it appears several times throughout the scriptures. Known for its various uses, myrrh was a valuable and highly sought-after resin in ancient times. Extracted from the Commiphora myrrha tree native to Arabia, it was used for a range of purposes such as perfume, embalming, and medicine. The aromatic resin has been particularly synonymous with stories and events in the Bible, which we will explore in this article.

One notable appearance of myrrh in the Bible is when the Magi, or the Three Wise Men, presented it as a gift to Jesus upon his birth. This act symbolized Jesus’ future death and his role in the Gospel message. Myrrh also had an important role in religious rituals, as it was an essential ingredient in the anointing oil and incense used in the temple. Additionally, it served as an embalming agent during burials, underscoring its significance in various aspects of biblical history.
In our exploration of myrrh’s role in the Bible, we’ll discuss not only its biblical contexts but also its origins, properties, and uses. By understanding this ancient substance more thoroughly, we can develop a deeper appreciation for the traditions and stories that define Christianity today.
Origin and Botanical Profile

Myrrh in Historical Context
Myrrh holds a significant place in the history of fragrance and medicine. It is obtained from the Commiphora species of trees, specifically Commiphora myrrha, which are native to parts of Arabia and Africa. The gum resin produced by these trees has been used since ancient times for its aromatic, medicinal, and embalming properties.
In biblical context, myrrh can be found as early as the book of Exodus, where it was used as a main ingredient in holy anointing oil [1]. Further instances in the Bible show its use as a perfume and even as a gift from the Magi to the infant Jesus, symbolizing his future sacrifice and suffering [2].
Botanical Characteristics of Commiphora Myrrha
The Commiphora myrrha tree is a small, deciduous shrub that can grow up to 16 feet in height. Various species of the Commiphora genus, such as C. villosus, C. salviaefolius, and C. creticus, are known for their myrrh-producing capabilities. These trees thrive in arid regions and have developed adaptations to survive in such harsh environments.
The gum resin of myrrh is obtained by making shallow cuts into the tree’s bark and collecting the droplets that exude. The gum is typically yellowish or reddish-brown in color and has a bitter taste. It is often mixed with other substances such as frankincense or cistus gum to create a more pleasant aroma. Commiphora myrrha and other similar species produce various types of myrrh that hold varying value in the world of botany and trade.
Gum Resin Production:
- Commiphora myrrha: True myrrh, used in perfumes and embalming
- Commiphora gileadensis: Balm of Gilead, used medicinally
- Commiphora kataf: False myrrh, typically mixed with true myrrh
Cultural and Religious Significance

Myrrh in the Bible
Myrrh, an aromatic resin obtained from the Commiphora tree, is an important substance mentioned in the Bible. It appears in both the Old Testament and New Testament, often with significant cultural and religious implications. For instance, in the Old Testament, myrrh was used as a main ingredient in holy anointing oil as mentioned in Exodus 30:231. In the New Testament, myrrh was used for embalming, as detailed in John 19:392.
Additionally, the Song of Solomon and Psalm 45:8 also reference myrrh. In the Song of Solomon, it symbolizes love and intimacy, while in Psalm 45:8, myrrh is associated with royal garments and celebrations.
Symbolism and Uses in Religious Ceremonies
Myrrh holds a prominent place in ancient religious and cultural practices, particularly in Jewish tradition. It represented a range of meanings, from suffering to healing and royalty to divinity3. Together with frankincense, myrrh was a common incense used in religious ceremonies. Both substances symbolized the divine and were commonly offered in temples as a form of worship.
In the story of Christ’s birth, the Magi presented gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to honor him. Each of these gifts held deep symbolic meanings: gold signified royalty, frankincense represented divinity, and myrrh symbolized suffering and death, foreshadowing Jesus’ crucifixion4.
Furthermore, myrrh played a vital role in various religious rituals, from anointing kings and priests to preserving the bodies of the deceased. The following table offers an overview of its primary uses:
Use | Description |
Holy Anointing Oil | A mixture of myrrh, olive oil, and other spices used to consecrate priests and sacred objects1 |
Incense | Burned during religious ceremonies as an offering to God and symbolizing prayers rising to heaven3 |
Perfume | A luxury item often used in royal courts and special occasions, such as described in Esther 2:122 |
Embalming | Applied to the deceased’s body before burial, exemplified by the embalming of Jesus in John 19:392 |
Footnotes
- What Is Myrrh in the Bible? – Christianity ↩
- Myrrh in the Bible – Christianity FAQ ↩
- The Spiritual Meaning of Myrrh in the Bible: Unveiling its Symbolism ↩
- Why Did the Magi Bring Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh? ↩
Myrrh in Ancient Commerce and Medicine

Trade Routes and Economic Value
Myrrh was an essential spice and medicine in the ancient world. Originating from the Arabian Peninsula, it was well-known for its value and unique properties. As a key commodity in the East, myrrh played a significant role in ancient commerce and transcultural exchange. We can find evidence of its importance in trade through historical accounts, such as Herodotus III.112, which highlights the extensive trade routes dedicated to the export of myrrh and other valuable spices.
Additionally, myrrh had a rich history as a perfume and anointing oil in religious ceremonies, further contributing to its high demand and economic significance. E. W. G. Masterman also notes the importance of myrrh in ancient commerce—an indication that this aromatic resin held a prominent position in the trade networks spanning across the East and beyond.
Medicinal Applications and Remedies
Myrrh was not just a luxury item but also a versatile healing agent. It was commonly used as a balm, with numerous medicinal properties attributed to it. In ancient times, myrrh was known to possess potent antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects, which made it valuable in treating various ailments and conditions.
Some common medicinal uses of myrrh included:
- Wound healing: Myrrh was applied to wounds and injuries to help reduce inflammation and promote faster healing.
- Oral health: Due to its antiseptic properties, myrrh was used as a mouthwash to soothe oral inflammation and help prevent gum disease.
- Respiratory ailments: Myrrh was believed to aid in the treatment of coughs, colds, and chest congestion.
These applications, coupled with its fragrant and spiritual qualities, elevated the prestige and desirability of myrrh, making it an essential commodity in the ancient world. As we explore the history of this precious resin, it’s clear that myrrh was highly valued for its unique combination of aromatic, spiritual, and medicinal properties.
Arabian Peninsula Herodotus III.112 E. W. G. Masterman
Myrrh in Biblical Narratives

Role in Stories of Kings and Prophets
Myrrh, a fragrant gum resin, plays an essential role in several biblical narratives. Its significance ranges from being a gift for kings to a component of sacred anointing oil and embalming material. Let us explore how myrrh appears in different stories and its importance in each context.
In the story of Esther, we find myrrh being used to prepare women for the presence of King Ahasuerus. According to Esther 2:12, each woman underwent a 12-month purification process, which included six months of treatment with myrrh oil. This shows the importance of myrrh as a ceremonial and beautifying component in ancient times.
One of the earliest mentions of myrrh in the Bible is in the story of Joseph. In Genesis 37:25, Joseph’s brothers sell him to a caravan of traders carrying various goods, including myrrh. Myrrh was a valuable trade commodity, demonstrating its economic significance during biblical times.
The story of Jesus’ birth in the New Testament sheds light on the symbolic importance of myrrh. In Matthew 2, wise men, or Magi, bring three gifts to the newly born Jesus: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Myrrh, associated with both royalty and suffering, foreshadows the divine and sacrificial nature of Jesus’ life and mission.
Finally, myrrh plays a significant role in Jesus’ burial. According to John 19:39, Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus prepare Jesus’ body for burial, using a mixture of myrrh and aloes for embalming. This action not only highlights the respect and devotion they show towards Jesus but also underscores the importance of myrrh as a component for preserving the dead.
Myrrh in the Life and Death of Jesus

Gift of the Magi
In the Bible, myrrh is mentioned as one of the precious gifts brought to Jesus by the Magi. According to Matthew 2:11, when the Magi (wise men) visited the newborn Jesus, they offered him valuable gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. These gifts symbolized Jesus’ kingship, deity, and suffering. Gold represented his royal status, frankincense represented his divine role, and myrrh represented the suffering he would endure as the Savior.
Myrrh is derived from the Commiphora myrrha tree and is an aromatic gum used for various purposes. In biblical times, it was a primary ingredient in the sacred anointing oil, made with other components such as ladanum, stacte, and pistachio nut. This oil was used to consecrate holy objects and individuals, signifying their dedication to God.
Crucifixion and Burial
The mention of myrrh continues in the story of Jesus’ crucifixion and burial. The Bible states that when Jesus was on the cross, he was offered a mixture of wine and myrrh to alleviate his pain, as described in Mark 15:23. However, Jesus refused the mixture, emphasizing his willingness to endure the agony of crucifixion.
After Jesus’ death, myrrh played a significant role in the embalming process. Nicodemus and Mary prepared Jesus’ body for burial by using a mixture containing myrrh and aloes. This mixture was not only used for embalming but also as a way to honor Jesus and respect the customs of the time.
Frequently Asked Questions

What does myrrh represent in biblical texts?
In biblical texts, myrrh often symbolizes suffering and sacrifice. This symbolism is mainly evident in the New Testament, where it was offered to Jesus at his crucifixion. The offering of myrrh during the crucifixion foreshadows the suffering that Jesus would endure source.
What role did myrrh play in ancient biblical ceremonies?
Myrrh was used in ancient biblical ceremonies, particularly as a main ingredient in the holy anointing oil mentioned in Exodus 30:23. It was highly valued and also used as a perfume in other ceremonies, such as the preparation of Queen Esther for meeting King Xerxes source.
Why was myrrh presented to Jesus according to scripture?
Scripture tells us that the Three Kings brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the newborn Jesus. Myrrh was presented to Jesus because it symbolized his future sacrificial role and his suffering to come. The gift also recognized Jesus as a king, as myrrh was considered a precious and valuable spice source.
How was myrrh used during biblical times?
Myrrh was used for various purposes during biblical times. It was a key ingredient in holy anointing oil, as well as in perfumes and the embalming process. Additionally, myrrh was used for medicinal purposes and as a painkiller. It was even offered to Jesus during his crucifixion as a means to alleviate pain, but he did not take it source.
What is the spiritual significance of myrrh mentioned in the Bible?
The spiritual significance of myrrh in the Bible is mainly associated with its symbolism of suffering and sacrifice. The offering of myrrh during Jesus’ crucifixion highlights its importance as a symbol of Jesus’ ultimate sacrifice for humanity. Myrrh also played a significant role in ancient biblical ceremonies, emphasizing its spiritual value source.
What is the modern equivalent of myrrh referenced in the Bible?
The modern equivalent of myrrh referenced in the Bible would be a resin obtained from the Commiphora myrrha tree, native to the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa. Today, myrrh is still used in some religious practices and as a natural remedy for various ailments due to its potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties source.